Physical Constants
Essential constants for physics and chemistry calculations
| Constant | Symbol | Value | Units |
|---|---|---|---|
Speed of Light Speed of light in vacuum | c | 2.998 × 10⁸ | m/s |
Gravitational Constant Universal gravitational constant | G | 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ | N⋅m²/kg² |
Planck's Constant Quantum of action | h | 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ | J⋅s |
Reduced Planck's Constant h/(2π) | ℏ | 1.055 × 10⁻³⁴ | J⋅s |
Elementary Charge Charge of a proton | e | 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ | C |
Electron Mass Rest mass of electron | mₑ | 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ | kg |
Proton Mass Rest mass of proton | mₚ | 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ | kg |
Neutron Mass Rest mass of neutron | mₙ | 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ | kg |
Avogadro's Number Number of particles in one mole | Nₐ | 6.022 × 10²³ | mol⁻¹ |
Gas Constant Universal gas constant | R | 8.314 | J/(mol⋅K) |
Boltzmann Constant R/Nₐ, relates temperature to energy | k | 1.381 × 10⁻²³ | J/K |
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant Blackbody radiation constant | σ | 5.670 × 10⁻⁸ | W/(m²⋅K⁴) |
Permittivity of Free Space Electric constant | ε₀ | 8.854 × 10⁻¹² | F/m |
Permeability of Free Space Magnetic constant | μ₀ | 1.257 × 10⁻⁶ | H/m |
Coulomb's Constant 1/(4πε₀) | k | 8.988 × 10⁹ | N⋅m²/C² |
Faraday Constant Charge per mole of electrons | F | 9.648 × 10⁴ | C/mol |
Rydberg Constant Spectroscopic constant | R∞ | 1.097 × 10⁷ | m⁻¹ |
Standard Gravity Standard gravitational acceleration on Earth | g | 9.807 | m/s² |
Standard Atmosphere Standard atmospheric pressure | atm | 101,325 | Pa |
Absolute Zero Lowest possible temperature | 0 K | -273.15 | °C |
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